- Trapezius
- Attaches from C7-T12 spinous processes
- Inserts on the spine of scapula and the lateral third of the clavicle
- Rhomboid Minor
- Superior to rhomboid major
- Attaches from C7-T1 spinous processes
- Inserts on the medial border of the scapula
- Rhomboid Major
- Attaches from T2-5 spinous processes
- Inserts on the medial border of the scapula
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Attaches from T7-L5 spinous processes, sacrum, iliac crest and ribs X-XII
- Inserts on the humerus
- Levator Scapulae
- Attaches from C1-4 transverse processes
- Inserts on the medial superior portion of the scapula
Intermediate Muscles
- Serratus Posterior Superior
- Attaches from C7-T3 spinous processes
- Inserts to upper border of ribs II-V
- Serratus Posterior Inferior
- Attaches from T11-L3 spinous processes
- Inserts to lower border of ribs IX-XII
Deep Muscles
- Suboccipital muscles
- Splenius
- Capitis and cervicis
- Erector Spinae
- Longissimus
- Capitis, cervicis and thoracis
- Iliocostalis
- Cervicis, thoracis and lumborum
- Spinalis
- Capitis, cervicis and thoracis
Superficial and intermediate muscles are innervated by anterior rami of spinal nerves (or cranial nerve XI for the trapezius). Deep muscles are innervated by the posterior rami of spinal nerves.
Transversospinales Muscles
Three groups of muscles that connect the transverse processes to the spinous processes superiorly, sitting underneath the erector spinae. When they contract bilaterally they work similarly to the erector spinae, but when they contract unilaterally they rotate the spine.
- Semispinalis
- Most superficial. Cervical and thoracic spine. Attaches over 4-6 vertebrae.
- Multifidus
- Intermediate. Full length of spine. Attaches over 2-4 vertebrae.
- Rotatores
- Most deep. Full length of spine. Long rotators attach over 2 vertebrae. Short rotators attach over adjacent vertebrae.
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